Public health researchers say continued disease monitoring at the local level can help counties stay prepared for emerging viruses that originate in animals and, in rare cases, infect humans.
A recent review published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, a journal of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, examined two animal-origin viruses — canine coronavirus and influenza D — that have been detected in people in limited instances worldwide. While no outbreaks linked to these viruses are occurring locally, experts say awareness and surveillance are important parts of routine public health planning.
The research included scientists from the University of Florida, the University of Texas, Ohio State University, and the University of Kentucky.
“These viruses are not widely tracked, so improved surveillance would help health officials better understand their presence and potential impact,” said co-author John Lednicky, a research professor at the University of Florida’s College of Public Health and Health Professions.
Why County Health Officials Pay Attention
County health departments routinely monitor respiratory illnesses and work with state and federal partners to identify unusual trends. Researchers say animal-to-human viruses are of particular interest because early detection allows for faster response and targeted prevention efforts.
The review highlighted the importance of monitoring areas where people regularly interact with animals, including farms, veterinary settings, and livestock operations — environments that exist in many counties across the U.S.
Canine Coronavirus: Rare Human Cases
Canine coronavirus is different from the virus that causes COVID-19 and is typically associated with mild illness in dogs. Researchers have identified a small number of human infections worldwide, some involving pneumonia hospitalizations, primarily in Southeast Asia.
One documented case involved a medical worker who traveled from Florida to Haiti in 2017 and experienced mild respiratory symptoms. Related strains have since been identified in multiple countries and in at least one U.S. state.
Because routine respiratory testing does not typically screen for this virus, researchers say its true prevalence in humans is unclear.
Influenza D and Agricultural Exposure
Influenza D is most commonly found in cattle and pigs and has also been detected in other animals. Studies have shown that many U.S. cattle workers carry antibodies to the virus, suggesting past exposure.
Human infections linked to influenza D have generally been mild, and no widespread outbreaks have been reported. Researchers note that counties with agricultural activity may be more likely to encounter the virus, making routine surveillance an important tool.
A Preparedness Message, Not a Warning
Researchers emphasized that their findings are not a cause for concern, but a reminder of the importance of preparedness.
“Early surveillance, reliable testing, and information sharing help communities respond effectively if new health issues arise,” the authors noted.
Dr. Shahbaz Salehi, an infection prevention specialist not involved in the study, said better coordination between hospitals and public health agencies at the county level could further strengthen readiness.
“When data is shared early, counties are better positioned to manage emerging respiratory illnesses without disruption,” Salehi said.
Health experts say maintaining strong local public health systems helps ensure counties can identify potential issues early and protect residents through informed, proactive responses.
